Alan Turing's ideas sit at the heart of every computer and smartphone in use today. In 1936 he described a theoretical 'universal machine' that could carry out any calculation given the right instructions, the basic concept behind modern computing. During the Second World War he worked at Bletchley Park, helping to break the German Enigma codes and saving countless lives. He also asked whether machines could think, proposing the 'Turing test' that is still debated in artificial intelligence. Prosecuted for his homosexuality in 1952, he died two years later, and he received a posthumous royal pardon in 2013.
Key Milestones
1936: Describes the Turing machine
1939: Joins the codebreakers at Bletchley Park
1950: Proposes the Turing test
2013: Receives a posthumous royal pardon
Alan Mathison Turing (23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954) was an English mathematician and logician widely regarded as the father of theoretical computer science.